Army of the First Saudi State

The Army of the First Saudi State consisted of both permanent soldiers and volunteers, upon whom the rulers of the First Saudi State relied on from in 1727 until in 1818. The army was formed to organize the state’s military affairs, defend its territories, expand its rule, and ensure its stability and security.

The First Saudi State relied on the Nafeer system (conscription) to build its fighting forces. This system could be voluntary or mandatory depending on the circumstances. At that time, the state did not have a permanent, organized army. Instead, the Imam or his deputy would request a specific number of fighters from regional rulers and tribal leaders to join the army during wartime. Those called upon were required to comply with the request and gather at a designated location, usually near a known water source. The Imam would then depart from Diriyah on a Thursday or Monday to meet the assembled troops.

The army also included volunteers, but there was a core group of permanent soldiers, such as the ruler’s personal guards in Diriyah and those assigned to protect regional governors. Additionally, some soldiers served for varying periods depending on circumstances, including those stationed in fortresses near cities not yet under state control.

In preparation for war, each region or tribe was responsible for equipping its participating members with necessary supplies, including mounts, weapons, and provisions for the duration of the campaign. The state provided additional support if the war was prolonged.

The military strategies of the First Saudi State were structured and involved several key steps:

- First: When the army was three days away from the enemy, the commander would send scouts to monitor enemy movements and assess their strength and capabilities.

- Second: The army would set up camp before sunset, perform the Dhuhr and Asr prayers together, then resume its march before sunrise.

- Third: As the army approached the enemy, it would increase its speed and settle nearby to launch a surprise attack. No fires would be lit the night before the attack to avoid revealing their position.

- Fourth: In desert warfare, the army would prioritize seizing high ground and controlling water sources, as these were crucial for success.

- Fifth: Before battle, the commander would address the troops, encouraging them, warning against injustice, and advising them not to be overconfident in their numbers to avoid complacency and defeat.

- Sixth: The commander would survey the battlefield, set up ambushes, and initiate combat after the Fajr prayer. At this moment, the soldiers would chant "Allahu Akbar" and charge at the enemy.

The army relied heavily on its large numbers, bravery, and mastery of desert warfare, including swift attacks, retreats, and sword fighting, rather than on structured military training or advanced tactics.

The army used a variety of traditional weapons in its battles and raids, including flintlock rifles, spears, arrows, bladed weapons such as swords and daggers, and cannons seized from enemies.

Following victory, the army commander would distribute war spoils. The ruler would take one-fifth of the loot for the state treasury, while the remaining four-fifths were divided among the soldiers. Each cavalryman received two shares, while infantry soldiers received one share. After the distribution, the ruler would order the troops to disperse and return home.

The rulers of the First Saudi State prioritized security, which contributed to its advancement. Tribal leaders were held responsible for maintaining order within their tribes and preventing criminals from finding refuge.

Saudi military garrisons played a vital role in maintaining stability. These garrisons, with rotating personnel assigned for a year at a time, helped enforce order and security in key locations such as Diriyah, Hofuf, Qatif, Buraimi, Makkah al-Mukarramah, al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, and Taif. Additionally, the rulers and governors had their own personal guards for protection.