The Saudi National Flag

The Saudi National Flag is a national symbol of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Its history dates back to the founding of the First Saudi State in 1727. The current form of the flag was approved during the reign of King Abdulaziz in 1937. A royal decree issued during the reign of King Faisal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in 1973 to approve its regulation as a national symbol. It is identical in principles, laws, and prohibitions to the King’s Saudi flag but differs in specifications. It is the only flag in the world that does not fly at half-mast. In 1982, the Implementing Regulations for Law of the Flag were issued.

The National Flag represents an important symbol of sovereignty and serves as a visual identity for the Kingdom, reflecting its cultural, humanitarian, and historical aspects, among other connotations. It also embodies the people’s national identity, history, heritage, and sense of belonging to the land and homeland.

The Saudi National Flag has held special significance since the era of its first founder, Imam Mohammad Bin Saud (1727-1765), and it continued to evolve during the reign of King Abdulaziz Bin Abdulrahman (1902-1953).

Embodying the essence of the state, the National Flag symbolizes national unity and historical depth. Its origins trace back to the founding of the First Saudi State by Imam Mohammed Bin Saud in 1727. The first flag in Saudi history was hoisted when he assumed power in ad-Dir'iyyah.

Since that date, the Saudi flag has continued to embody the symbolism of the state’s peace and commitment to the doctrine of monotheism. It represents the concept of the state and expresses national unity as well as the historical depth of the Kingdom. The flag in the Kingdom serves as a symbol of the state and homeland, reflecting pride, status, dignity, and the foundational principles of the country.

The symbolism of the Saudi National Flag encompasses various national significances. It serves as a representation of the country’s sovereignty, pride, and dignity, as well as embodying the people’s loyalty to their leadership and nation. Moreover, it encapsulates the essence of the nation's identity and history, officially recognized as the “National Flag.” The flag of the Kingdom garners reverence and admiration from both citizens and residents alike due to the sense of belonging and citizenship it evokes, alongside its representation of unity, pride, achievement, strength, and peace. Additionally, it commands respect within the Islamic world owing to its religious connotations, signifying a generous nation dedicated to the welfare of the Islamic community, particularly in matters related to the Two Holy Mosques. Globally, the flag symbolizes the country's commitment to humanitarian values, justice, and mutual respect, thereby earning widespread recognition for the principled positions it embodies.

The symbolism of the Saudi flag extends to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, embodying the concept of the state and expressing national unity and historical depth. It also symbolizes nobility, pride, status, dignity, and the foundational principles of the country. The choice of green color represents greenness, growth, and the abundance of goodness in the land of the Kingdom. The Shahada signifies the oneness of Allah and the affirmation that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the Messenger of Allah and the Seal of the Prophets, while the sword symbolizes justice and defense of religion and homeland.

The symbolism of the flag has been discussed in literature, particularly in enthusiastic poems sung during moments of celebration and national events. It is revered directly in works like Said Fayyad’s renowned poem "Biladi Manar al-Huda,” where he asserts, “In the name of the Dominant, Protector of the flag,” emphasizing that Allah Almighty will safeguard this flag, flying high, especially with the phrase of "monotheism" inscribed on its face.

The flag is also implicitly referenced in poetry, such as in Prince Badr Bin Abdulmohsen's poem 'Above the Clouds'. He addresses the flag in a poetic moment amidst a field filled with soldiers during the early morning. As the soldier at the mast steps forward to raise the flag high, the full moon watches it ascend. It ascends until it reaches the peak of the mast, where it steadies. The poet yearns for more, wishing the banner to soar beyond the clouds and transcend them. In this wonderful verse, he speaks to the entire nation, portraying the struggles of past generations who joined hands and rallied under this flag, shaping the country into what it is today, 'akin to a world unto itself.'

The Saudi National Flag incorporates several characteristics that distinguishes it from the banners and flags of other countries. Throughout the history of the events of the Saudi State, this flag has never been subjected to burning or destruction. In contrast to international customs of lowering flags to half-mast during tragic events or the passing of monarchs, it is not permitted to half-mast Saudi flags under any circumstances.

The Saudi National Flag is distinguished by numerous signs and features that set it apart from other national flags around the world, including:

It does not flow at half-mast on occasions, unlike other flags.

Its green color and the depth of its symbolism.

The prominence of the Shahada emblem.

The representation of the crossed swords.

The depiction of the palm tree in the emblem.

These features significantly contribute to the symbolism and significance of the Saudi flag and the identity of the state and its people. Notably, it stands out among the flags of the world for several reasons. Unlike many others, it is not draped over the bodies of deceased kings and leaders, nor is it lowered at half-mast during times of mourning. Additionally, it is not bowed to major guests during ceremonial guard shows. When needed in instances of mourning, the flag is raised at half-mast by positioning it in the center of the mast without the Shahada for the specified mourning period. Furthermore, it is prohibited to use the flag as a brand or for advertising purposes that may diminish its stature.

Throughout the history of the Saudi State, the Saudi National Flag has undergone several changes in its design and manufacture, all while preserving its national symbolism that distinguishes the Saudi State across different eras, spanning from the mid-eighteenth century to the present day.

The flag was originally known as al-Raiah. The flag of the First Saudi State since the era of Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Bin Mohammed Bin Muqrin was green, woven from silk and wool. It bore the inscription “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” Imam Turki Bin Abdullah Bin Mohammed Bin Saud, the founder of the Second Saudi State, used it as a flag for the state as he reunified all parts of the nation.

When initializing the reunification of the regions of the country, King Abdulaziz used a green flag with a white strip along the mast. It was a square with the phrase “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” in the center, flanked by two crossed vertical swords. Subsequently, its design evolved, incorporating a single horizontal sword above the Shahada. Later, it was modified to include the phrase "Victory from Allah and conquest soon" beneath the sword, until eventually, it became green with the Shahada in the middle.

Throughout the history of the Saudi State, the National Flag has undergone several stages of development in design, production, laws, and regulatory and implementing regulations, as outlined below:

In 1727, the flag was green with a white stripe to the side, bearing the phrase “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” in the middle.

In 1824, the Second Saudi State continued to use the same banner.

In 1902, two crossed swords were added to the flag, with a sword placed above the Shahada.

In 1926, King Abdulaziz instructed the founding body to design a new flag.

In 1937, Shura Council Resolution No. (354) was issued, approving a flag with dimensions of 150 cm in length and one hundred cm in width.

In 1937, King Abdulaziz adopted Shura Council Resolution No. (50) on the Saudi flag, allocating flags for the king, crown prince, army and aviation, internal flag, Royal Saudi Naval Forces, and commercial marine purposes.

In 1952, all forms and measures of the national flag were officially sanctioned.

In 1973, the Law of the National Flag was issued.

In 1978, the Regulating Regulations of the Law of the National Flag were issued.

In 1982, the Implementing Regulations of the Law of the Flag of the Kingdom were issued.

In 1984, the Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization endorsed specific sizes for the National Flag.

In 2023, a royal order designated March 11 of each year as National Flag Day.

The Saudi national flag has remained a symbol of the state since its founding in 1727 and has constituted an eternal value as a representation of its strength, sovereignty, cohesion, coalition, and national unity. For nearly three centuries, it has been a beacon of light, a fluttering banner, and a witness to the campaigns to unify the country fought by the Saudi State.

The Saudi national flag has been inherited from the First Saudi State. A description of the first Saudi flag stated that it was “green, woven from silk and wool, with Shahada written on it: 'There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah,' wrapped around a simple mast." The Saudi flag is made of green silk, with a white stripe along the mast. The Shahada was woven on two successive lines.

In that First State, the founding Imam Mohammad Bin Saud carried the flag and led the armies himself, or in some cases, he was satisfied with holding the flag and delegating one of his sons to run and lead the army. This practice continued with the second Imam Abdulaziz Bin Mohammad, who did the same as his father. He either held the flag himself or delegated this responsibility to his son Saud, who later became the third Imam.

The flag's tasks were numerous, and its importance in bolstering the state's position became evident. The founder and his sons dispatched their messengers to all the tribes on the island, setting an appointment for them on a specific date and place, often near water. They would then raise the flag by the water as a clear signal for all, much like sailors use lighthouses for navigation. Tribal delegations would gather to pledge allegiance and join the Army of Tawheed. The flag symbolized the transition from chaos to statehood, and joining it meant joining the nation and abandoning division and fragmentation.

The Spanish traveler Domingo Badia y Leblich described the Saudi flag in his memoirs. He recounts that when he arrived in Makkah al-Mukarramah in 1807, he witnessed Imam Saud Bin Abdulaziz's army entering the city in the state of Ihram, numbering 45,000. He observed the army marching to Makkah to perform rituals, led by a green flag with the inscription, "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah," embroidered in large white letters.

The same scene was mentioned by John Ludwig Burckhardt (1784-1817) in his description of Imam Saud Bin Abdulaziz's army. He recorded in his notes that each sheikh or prince under Imam Saud had a special flag, and Saud himself owned a number of different flags.

These Saudi flags were unique to and carried by a group of citizens starting from the First Saudi State. Ibrahim Bin Tawq was one of the early bearers. In the Second Saudi State, prominent flag bearers included Abdullah Abu Nahiyah, al-Humaidi Bin Salmah, Saleh Bin Hadyan, and Ibrahim al-Dhafiri.

In the Third Saudi State, a notable flag was the one carried by Abdul Latif Bin Hussein al-Ma’shouq, who witnessed all the battles of unification. He never missed a single battle until that of al-Bukayriyyah, where he was martyred. His son Mansour was assigned to carry the flag in the same battle, demonstrating the same valor as his father, and he too was martyred in the same battle defending the flag until his last breath. Both were buried together in the land of al-Bukayriyyah.

Following this, the honor of carrying the flag was passed to Al Mutrif family. It was carried by the grandfather Abdulrahman, then his son Mansour, and later his grandson Mutrif. There are dozens of distinguished heroes who carried these flags, leading the Tawheed Brigades. Each army had a flag carried by one of its members, and it was the same national flag carried by the ruler of Al Saud, departing from the capital of the state.

Carrying the flag remained a precious honor, symbolizing the loyalty of the leadership and the people to its bearer. In the Second Saudi State, the flag retained its significant role, much like in the First Saudi State. Amidst the ruins of ad-Dir'iyyah, beneath the ashes of the Turaif palm trees, and from the remnants of al-Bujairi, the flag was recovered and proudly raised on a slender mast. Once again, cities and towns flocked to pledge allegiance to Imam Turki Bin Abdullah Bin Mohammed Bin Saud, the fifth ancestor of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz.

The green flag held profound symbolism, uniting the people under their leadership. The Saudis, like their forefathers, gathered to pledge allegiance to their imams under this same flag, leading to the re-establishment of the state. When Imam Turki Bin Abdullah planned an invasion, he would inform country princes and tribal leaders of the departure date and location. Fifteen days before the campaign, he would prepare his war machines, army equipment, and horse fodder. A day or two, or sometimes three, before departure, he would unfurl the flag and set it up near the palace door. As the armies assembled, the imam would command the flag to be carried at the forefront of the ranks.

Witnessing this flag that had flown for more than eighty years for the Second Saudi State, English captain I. R. Pearce, from the deck of the British Navy ship “Perseus,” described the preparations of Sheikh Mubarak al-Sabah and Imam Abdulrahman al-Faisal for the Battle of al-Sarif in 1901. He remarked, “It was a wonderful and unique scene. I think that at least ten thousand men were present, including Al Saud forces, who carried a green flag inscribed with: "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah."

The symbolic content of the national flag did not change significantly in the Third Saudi State, although minor alterations were made to its shape during the early unification of the Kingdom. The green part of the flag, which had been rectangular, became square, and it was sewn into a white part. The central Shahada remained, written on two successive lines and surmounted by two crossed swords, the first addition to the banner.

Under this flag, King Abdulaziz fought several battles before another modification was made: the two crossed swords were replaced with a single sword at the top. With this new flag, the Saudis engaged in several decisive battles. Subsequently, another change was made: the sword was moved from top to the bottom, and a new phrase was added beneath it: “Victory from Allah and conquest is near.” This flag remained in use until the annexation of Hijaz in 1926.

After the annexation of the Hijaz, the Saudi National Flag underwent another slight change, reverting to its rectangular shape with the Shahada written in white in the middle, devoid of swords and other inscriptions. Later, the flag evolved to its current form: rectangular, with its width equal to two-thirds of its length, completely green all the way to the mast with the Shahada in white in the center, and a sword beneath it, facing right with the handle down.

The contemporary Saudi National Flag resulted from several developments. The Law of the Flag issued in 1973 specified that the flag of the Kingdom should be rectangular, with a width equal to two-thirds of its length, and entirely green from the mast to the end of the flag. The Shahada "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah" is written in white in the middle in the thuluth script. Beneath the Shahada, a drawn sword, also in white, is parallel to it, with its handle directed towards the lower edge of the flag. Its base is in the middle of the width of the flag with the sword a length equal to three-quarters of the length of the Two Testimonies phrase and at an equal distance on both sides.

The connotations of the details regarding the colors and words are profound. The green color symbolizes growth and fertility, while the white color symbolizes peace and purity. The sword represents justice and security, with roots in Arab symbolism where it signifies nobility and chivalry among Arabs. Regarding the Shahada, it embodies the belief in the oneness of Allah and the application of His wise law, reflecting the foundational principles of our country across its three phases.

The Saudi National Flag has evolved into its current form, adhering to the specifications outlined in the Law of the Flag. It is a rectangular shape with a width two-thirds of its length, and its green color extends from the mast to the end of the flag. In the middle is the Shahada (There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah), with a sword drawn underneath parallel to them, the handle of which is directed to the right. The Shahada and the sword are white and in the center.

The laws and implementing regulations issued regarding the Saudi National Flag included all the details related to the design, manufacture, and protocol of the flag. The specifications of the National Flag included articles that have the force of law and must be adhered to, including:

a. The National Flag of the Kingdom is rectangular; its width is equal to two-thirds of its length, and its color is green. The color extends from the pole to the end of the flag. In the middle is the Shahada (There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah), with an unsheathed sword drawn underneath parallel to them, the handle of which is directed towards the lower part of the flag. Both the Shahada and sword are in white, clearly visible on both sides

b. The area of the Shahada and the sword is equal to:

Width: The width of the upper and lower sections of the flag.

Length: The width of the left and right sections of the flag.

c. The Shahada is scripted with Thuluth font, whose base is in the middle of the width of the Shahada and the sword drawing. The sword is drawn at a length equal to three-quarters of the length of the Shahada phrase and at an equal distance on both sides.

The Saudi National Flag drew the attention of Saudi leadership, with a focus on its details representing the state’s identity. In 1937, King Abdulaziz approved the resolution of the Shura Council regarding the specifications outlined in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' letter, setting the flag's dimensions at 150 cm in length and one hundred cm in width. This decision aimed to diversify flag sizes and shapes and promote the exchange of flags with other countries based on international courtesy and acquaintance.

To adapt to changes in Saudi flag design and dimensions, the Shura Council issued a resolution in 1952 to regulate flag sizes and any necessary amendments. In 1986, the Minister of the Interior issued a resolution establishing standard specifications for the National Flag, approved by the Saudi Standards and Metrology Organization, now known as the Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization.

Efforts to modernize the Saudi National Flag persist, and Article Three of the Basic Law of Governance, enacted by royal order in 1993, stipulates that the flag of the Saudi State should be as follows:

It is green in color.

Its width is equal to two-thirds of its length.

In the middle is the phrase 'There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah'. Beneath this statement is a sword, and the flag shall never be lowered (because the Shahada is inscribed).

The law also refers to the state emblem. Article Four stipulates that the emblem of the state is 'two crossed swords with a palm tree' positioned directly above the place where the swords cross.

In 1999, on the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of the establishment of the Kingdom, an order was issued by King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (2005-2015), the then-crown prince and deputy prime minister, to raise the National Flag, measuring eight by fifteen m, on top of al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh and al-Salam Palace in Jeddah on a pole that is fifty-two m in height.

In its four sections, the Law of the Flag discusses the characteristics, principles, and procedures. The sections are as follows:

Section I: Description of the Flag.

Section II: Protocols of Raising the Flag

Section III: Penalties for Misusing the Flag.

Section IV: Final Provisions.

The content of the Saudi National Flag is interpreted as follows:

Green Color: this represents peace, progress, prosperity, generosity, and tolerance, all of which characterize the Kingdom.

The Testimony of Monotheism (There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah): this statement is a symbol of the belief on which the Kingdom was founded.

Two Swords: these denote power and reflect the strength of the state during its early stages in its formation. They also denote justice and the values of chivalry.

The Palm Tree: this is a symbol of giving, benevolence, dignity, and pride. It upholds and cherishes the culture of agricultural professional work.

The forms of the Saudi flag varied according to the historical eras it traversed, witnessing numerous changes starting from the era of the First Saudi State, established by Imam Mohammed Bin Saud. When he assumed power in ad-Dir'iyyah, the first flag in Saudi history was raised.

The flag maintained its prominence during the era of the Second Saudi State, established by Imam Turki Bin Abdullah. Imam Faisal Bin Turki followed his father’s example regarding the flag. When King Abdulaziz initiated the unification process, he adopted the flag of his ancestors as his own. During his reign, it bore a green color and was crafted from silk, featuring a small white section near the mast. Atop the mast rested a copper disk with a spear.

The Saudi National Flag is manufactured according to precise technical specifications. It is made from fabric approved by the Saudi Standards and Metrology Organization, currently known as the Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization, in accordance with Saudi Standard Specifications (SSS) No. (402).

The General Presidency for the Affairs of the Grand Mosque and the Prophet’s Mosque (currently the General Authority for the Affairs of the Grand Mosque and the Prophet’s Mosque) is responsible for manufacturing the flag of the Kingdom to high-quality and excellence standards. This is done through the King Abdulaziz Complex for the Holy Kaaba Kiswah, which utilizes green polyester fabric in sizes of 148 cm by 180 cm. The finished flag measures one hundred cm by 150 cm with the inscriptions of the Shahada measuring thirty-six cm by eighty-three cm.

King Abdulaziz Complex for the Holy Kaaba Kiswah employs the latest sewing and manufacturing techniques. It utilizes a Japanese embroidery machine named Tajima, adopted by the presidency to modernize its advanced production structure. This machine embroiders threads of silver reed to create the Saudi flag on both sides within five hours.

Several figures are associated with the Saudi National Flag throughout history, including the flag bearers and the calligrapher Saleh Bin Saad al-Mansuf. Al-Mansuf, the Saudi flag calligrapher, wrote the Shahada on the flag during the reign of King Faisal in 1962. He modernized the style of writing the Shahada and the sword on the flag of Tawheed.

Saleh al-Mansuf is recognized as the first Saudi calligrapher to handwrite the Shahada and draw the sword on the flag. He used white pigment for writing at a time when technology and printing equipment were not available. The historical flag known from the era of King Abdulaziz was al-Mutrif flag, which was used in wars. It was sewn by placing the cloth on the same flag, sewing it, and then cutting the edges to make the letters of the flag stand out.

Regulatory and implementing laws and regulations pertaining to the Saudi National Flag were issued, specifying its specifications, significance, and symbolism for the state and the people. The first of these laws was the Law for Raising the Flag issued by Royal Order No. 1/4/7 and published in the Official Gazette in 1938.

Following the issuance of the Law for Raising the Flag, the Law of the Flag of the Kingdom was introduced during the reign of King Faisal Bin Abdulaziz in 1973, comprising twenty-two articles. Subsequently, in 1978, the Implementing Regulations of the Law of the Flag were issued by a decision of the Council of Ministers, comprising seven articles.

The Saudi Law of the Flag introduced a distinct flag for the king, which incorporated the national flag alongside the Kingdom’s emblem in gold in the lower right corner. The description is as follows: “His Majesty the King shall have a special flag that matches the national flag in its characteristics but with the state emblem, which is two crossed swords underneath a palm tree, embroidered with golden silk threads in the lower right-hand corner."

The Law of the Flag of the Kingdom remains in force, with Article One outlining the general description of the flag as follows:

a- The National Flag of the Kingdom is rectangular in shape; its width is equal to two-thirds of its length and its color is green. The color extends from the pole to the end of the flag. In the middle are the Two Testimonies (There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah), with a sword drawn underneath parallel to them, the handle of which is directed towards the lower part of the flag. The Shahada and the sword are white, clearly visible from both sides.

b- The area around the Shahada and the sword is equal:

Width: The width of the upper and lower sections of the flag.

Length: The width of the left and right sections of the flag.

c- The Shahada is written in a Thuluth font, and its base is in the middle of the width of the flag with the sword a length equal to three-quarters of the length of the Shahada phrase, and at an equal distance on both sides.

Article Two (The Flag of His Majesty the King) stipulated that His Majesty the King shall have a special flag that matches the national flag in its characteristics but with the state emblem, which is two crossed swords underneath a palm tree, embroidered with golden silk threads in the lower right-hand corner.

The text of Article Three (The National Flag when Raised Alone) was amended by virtue of Royal Decree No. (M/34) dated 1997 to become: "The national flag is raised inside the Kingdom between sunrise and sunset on weekends and holidays on all government buildings and public institutions."

Article Four addresses raising the flag with the flags of foreign countries. It stipulates that when the national flag is raised in the Kingdom with foreign flags or other banners, it shall have a place of honor as follows:

a- If there is only one flag or banner next to the national flag, the national flag shall be raised to the right of the building, that is to the left of the person standing in front of it.

b- If there is more than one foreign flag or banner next to the national flag, the national flag is raised in the middle of a group of flags or banners if their number is odd, and in the middle towards the right if their number is even.

c- In all cases, the mast on which the flag is raised must be in the middle of the building.

d- It is not permissible in any place to raise any flag or banner above the national flag.

Article Five addresses the raising of the Saudi National Flag (in parades). It stipulates that "the national flag shall be raised in the center of the parade, or to its right, according to the direction in which it is traveling. If raised with other flags, the rules of the law stipulated in Article Four apply."

Article Six stipulates that International laws and customs shall be taken into consideration when raising foreign flags on the buildings of political and consular representatives of foreign countries inside the Kingdom, as well as the United Nations and international and regional bodies. The same applies to raising flags on the cars of their employees. Otherwise, a foreign flag may not be raised in the Kingdom except on official holidays and events, provided that permission is obtained from the Ministry of Interior. The foreign flag shall be accompanied by the national flag and be proportional to it in size, provided that the national flag has a place of honor in the details stipulated in Article Four of the law.

Article Seven addresses events and conferences, stipulating that "the national flag can be raised on the walls of the banquet hall, meeting hall and so on. The flag should be displayed horizontally, at a higher level than the speaker and those seated. When raising a foreign flag alongside the national flag, as per the provisions of this Law, the rules stipulated in Article Four of the Law apply, and in this case, flags shall be displayed on masts.

According to Article Eight of the Law, the flag of His Majesty the King shall be raised day and night over his current place of work or residence. It is not necessary to raise the flag if His Majesty’s location is not public knowledge.

Article Nine details raising the flag on the car, as the following rules are taken into consideration:

a- When His Majesty the King is in his car, His Majesty’s flag is raised at the front of the car on the left-hand side, and the Saudi flag at the front on the right-hand side.

b- When His Majesty the King is in his car accompanied by a guest (a head of state), His Majesty’s flag shall be placed at the front of the car on the right, and the flag of the foreign guest at the front of the car on the left.

c- In the event of a delegate accompanying a foreign guest, the guest’s flag shall be raised at the front of the car on the right, and the Kingdom’s national flag at the front of the car on the left.

d- If the foreign guest does not have a special flag, the national flag of their country shall be flown instead.

Article Ten tackles raising the National Flag on Saudi ships or vessels for navigation on the high seas in accordance with the following rules:

a- While in any port from sunrise to sunset.

b- When entering or leaving any port.

c- When passing within sight of another ship, port, fort, fortress, artillery post or lighthouse, and at the request of any warship.

d- If any distinctive sign is raised on the ship or other vessel.

e- The national flag shall be raised on the back of the ship or other vessel at the tip of the inclined arm in the stern mast.

According to Article Eleven, the National Flag is raised continuously day and night on every foreign ship or vessel, commercial or military, while it is within the territorial waters of the Kingdom. According to Article Twelve, the national flag shall be raised on inland navigation vessels at the stern from sunrise to sunset, on weekends, holidays, and all other special occasions.

Articles Thirteen to Sixteen address prohibitions to the Saudi National Flag. The national flag, the flag of His Majesty the King and all other Saudi flags bear the Shahada (There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah) or any Quranic verse may not be flown at half-mast. The national flag or the flag of His Majesty the King shall never touch the surfaces of land and water.

It is prohibited to use the national flag as a trademark, for commercial advertising purposes, or for any purpose other than those stipulated in the law. It is prohibited to raise a national flag that is faded in color or in poor condition. When a flag becomes old or torn or is in such a bad condition that it is no longer usable, the entity using it is responsible for destroying it.

Article Seventeen of the Law of the Flag stipulates that military members must salute the national flag and the royal flag when they pass by, or when these flags are seen in military parades or displays, as well as when they are being put up or taken down from their masts.

Article Eighteen addresses the display of the Saudi National Flag alongside other countries' flags, specifying the order of precedence according to the following rules:

1- For the countries of the Arab League, flags are arranged in alphabetical order of the names of the countries, as applicable in the Arab League.

2- For foreign countries other than those of the Arab League, or for Arab League countries alongside other foreign countries, precedence shall be determined according to alphabetical order as applicable in the United Nations.

Article Nineteen stipulates that "Different units in the Saudi military sectors may have their own unique flags. Regulations and laws relating to the appearance of these flags and how they should be handled are determined by the competent minister. A model of each of these flags shall be presented to the Royal Court."

As for penalties, Article Twenty stipulated that "Whoever drops, ruins, or insults – in any way whatsoever – the national flag, the royal flag, or any other emblem of the Kingdom, or the flag of one of its friendly foreign countries, with hatred or contempt for the authority of the government of those countries, whether in private or in a public place, or in a place open to the public, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year and a fine not exceeding SAR3,000, or one of these two penalties."

The Implementing Regulations of the Law of the National Flag were issued in 1978, comprising seven articles. Article One emphasized that the green hue specified in Article One of the Law of the Flag of the Kingdom, issued by royal decree in 1973, refers to the vibrant shade commonly referred to as "emerald green."

The Implementing Regulations describe how to create the color of the flag, and the proportions of ingredients included in its composition, after consulting the specialized entities. The Implementing Regulations also specify the type of fabric and threads to be used, as well as other materials used in making the flag, after obtaining permission from the Saudi Standards and Metrology Organization, currently known as the Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization.

Article Two stipulates that. without prejudice to the provisions of Article One of the Law of the Flag of the Kingdom referred to in relation to the shape of the flag, the ratio of its width to its length, the positioning and size of the Shahada and the sword, the entities responsible for raising the flag must take into account its size in relation to the area of the place in which it is raised, or the building, ship, car, or platform on which it is hoisted.

Article Three specifies that the height of a mast raised in a public square or any public space must not be less than six m, and the height of a mast raised on a building must not be less than three m, and the width of the flag in both cases must not be less than eighty cm

As per Article Four, those responsible for the participation of military, sporting, and other formations in a public display shall harmonize the sizes of the national flags raised by such units or formations and achieve consistency between the sizes of the national flags and the sizes of other special flags.

Article Five indicates that if the national flag is hoisted in such a way that its two sides are visible, then the drawing of the Two Testimonies and the sword must be visible on both sides. According to Article Six, the commanders of units entrusted with guarding government buildings, or the buildings of public institutions and public bodies shall be responsible for raising the flag on those buildings on the occasions and times specified in the law, and each of them shall be responsible for ensuring that the flag is of a degree of newness and cleanliness such that it is fit for use. The order shall be sent to the competent authority with sufficient notice to supply a new flag in place of the used flag before it becomes unsuitable for use. They must also refer the matter to the competent authority to take measures to burn any flag that is in an unusable condition.

In 1982, Prince Naif Bin Abdulaziz, then Minister of the Interior, issued the Implementing Regulations of the Law of the Flag, by virtue of Article Twenty-Two of the Law of the Flag, issued by Royal Decree in 1973. Pursuant to Article One, Paragraph One of the law, the following is put into effect:

The flag of the country has four shapes, the dimensions of which are in cm as follows:

1- Parade flag: 150 x 110 cm.

2- Flag on a mast: 120 x eighty cm.

3- Car flag: thirty x twenty cm.

4- Office flag: twenty-four x twenty-six cm.

In implementation of Article Two of the Law, the following is applied:

a) The flag of His Majesty the King is embroidered in the lower corner, adjacent to the mast, with gilded silk threads, representing the state emblem, which is the two crossed swords underneath a palm tree.

b) Writing on other flags shall be printed on both sides of the flag.

In implementation of Article Seventeen of the law, the national anthem is played when the flag is being raised and lowered in the camps and buildings of the military sectors where the soldiers are. The music is played on the trumpet, and if this is not possible only a flag salute is performed. In implementation of Article Ten of the law:

1- The banners of the special units shall be the size of the mast (120 x eighty cm).

2- The office’s flag of units is printed according to the sizes detailed in these regulations.

The Saudi National Flag is raised according to specific ceremonies approved by the law. King Abdulaziz issued the Law for Raising the Flag in 1938, and it was published in Umm al-Qura Newspaper, the country’s Official Gazette.

The Saudi National Flag is raised on masts subject to specific requirements according to the law, which stipulates the following:

(1) In all cases, the mast on which the flag is raised must be in the middle of the building.

(2) It is not permissible in any place to raise any flag or banner above the National Flag.

Regarding the National Flag, the Kingdom stands out for having the tallest national flag mast in the world, located in Jeddah Governorate of the Makkah al-Mukarramah Province. This mast reaches a height of 172 m. In 2014, the Saudi National Flag was recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records with the inauguration of this mast.

The poet Ibrahim Khafaji composed the lyrics for the Saudi national anthem over six months, beginning during the reign of King Khalid Bin Abdulaziz. The lyrics were then given to the renowned Saudi musician, the late Siraj Umar, who was responsible for adapting the poetry to the music of the national anthem. Siraj Umar worked to modify the poem to fit the music. Once the challenging task was completed, he presented the final poetic text to the Saudi Minister of Media at the time, Mr. Ali al-Shaer.

After the text and melody were finalized, the minister and poet presented the anthem in its proposed poetic and melodic form to King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz. The King listened to it, admired it, and gave his approval. Consequently, copies of the anthem were distributed to official institutions and Saudi embassies abroad. Khafaji received a certificate of merit and a special royal order from the King. The national anthem was officially adopted on Eid al-Fitr in 1984. On that day, it was broadcast to Saudi citizens and the world through official Saudi radio and television.

Hasten to glory and supremacy, glorify the Creator of the heavens

And raise the green flag, which carries the guiding light

Repeat: Allahu Akbar, my homeland,

Live as the pride of all Muslims

Long live the King, for the flag and the country

The field of scouting is connected to the flag salute. Scout units and scout leaders perform the scout salute to the national and royal flags during events such as the flag passing, military parades, and the raising or lowering of the flag on masts.

The Saudi National Flag is raised, in accordance with the law, at specific times that determine the raising of the Saudi flag, whether alone or with the flags of other countries, both inside and outside the country. The national flag is raised inside the Kingdom between sunrise and sunset on weekends and holidays on all government buildings and public institutions.

Outside the Kingdom, international courtesy and customs are considered, which means that the flag is raised daily between sunrise and sunset, including Fridays and holidays, on the buildings of Saudi representatives abroad. The national flag inside the Kingdom is raised continuously day and night over government buildings located within the borders, such as police stations, customs, and the border force, as well as airports and ports.

The Saudi flag is raised on military buildings, army sites, and warplanes, at times specified by the Ministry of Defense.

Political representation bodies and Saudi consulates abroad shall raise the Saudi flag according to the instructions issued to them by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The ministry must issue the instructions and notify them. A place of honor must be assigned to the Saudi flag when it is accompanied by the flags or banners of foreign governments.

In cases of raising the Saudi national flag, international laws and customs shall be taken into consideration when raising foreign flags on buildings of diplomatic representations, such as embassies, cultural attachés, and consulates of other countries in the Kingdom, as well as the United Nations and international and regional bodies. The same applies to raising flags on the cars of their employees. Otherwise, a foreign flag may not be raised in the Kingdom except on official holidays and events, provided that permission is obtained from the Ministry of Interior. The foreign flag shall be accompanied by the national flag and be proportional to it in size, provided that the Saudi flag has a place of honor in the details stipulated in Article Four of the law.

Regarding raising the flag at events and conferences, the national flag can be raised on the walls of the banquet hall, meeting hall, and so on. The flag should be displayed horizontally, at a higher level than the speaker and those seated. When raising a foreign flag at the same event alongside the national flag, the rules stipulated in Article Four of the Law of the Flag of the Kingdom apply.

Controls are also in place for raising the flag of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The law stipulates that the flag of His Majesty the King shall be raised day and night over his current place of work or residence. It is not necessary to raise the flag if His Majesty’s location is not public knowledge.

When raising the flag on the car, the following rules apply:

1) When the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques is in his car, his personal flag is raised above the front left of the car, and the Saudi flag is raised above the front right.

2) When the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques is in his car accompanied by a guest (a head of state), His Majesty’s flag shall be placed at the front of the car on the right, and the flag of the foreign guest at the front of the car on the left.

3) In the event of a delegate accompanying a foreign guest, the guest’s flag shall be raised at the front of the car on the right, and the Kingdom’s national flag at the front of the car on the left.

4) If the foreign guest does not have a special flag, the national flag of their country shall be flown instead.

The Saudi flag on Saudi ships or vessels for navigation on the high seas is raised in accordance with the following rules:

a- While in any port from sunrise to sunset.

b- When entering or leaving any port.

c- When passing within sight of another ship, port, fort, fortress, artillery post or lighthouse, and at the request of any warship.

d- If any distinctive sign is raised on the ship or other vessel.

e- The national flag shall be raised on the back of the ship or other vessel at the tip of the inclined arm in the stern mast.

The Saudi National Flag is folded according to specific protocols, as per the following:

The flag is folded when an official mission or occasion is completed.

When lowering the flag, it must be folded so that none of its sides dangles and touches the ground, and it must be placed in a suitable place.

The flag is folded so that the Shahada appears on the upper side and the sword on the other side.

The law has established controls for the use of the Saudi National Flag, while banners (al-Raiah) were carried by families that have enjoyed this honor throughout the history of the Saudi State.

During the era of the Second Saudi State, the banner was carried by Al Salamah family, whose sons continued to carry it until the time of Imams Abdullah and Saud, the sons of Imam Faisal Bin Turki. The last to carry it was Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Al Salmah, who was killed in the Battle of Judah in 1871.

In 1937, a decision was issued by the Shura Council regarding the Saudi flag, which included the allocation of specific flags for the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, the crown prince, the army, internal aviation, internal flag, the Royal Saudi Naval Forces, and commercial marine purposes.

The flag was carried by individuals known as Bayariqis, meaning Bairaq carries. They held a status superior to other soldiers because they carried the symbol around which everyone rallied. The flag was the target during encounters, with efforts focused on bringing down the banner around which fighters gathered. Therefore, a Bayariqi needed to be distinguished by courage, steadfastness, and good management in battles.

Famous among the bearers of the flag were Ibrahim Bin Tawq during the reign of Imam Abdulaziz Bin Saud, Abdullah Abu Nahiyah during the era of Imam Abdullah Bin Saud, and al-Humaidi Bin Salmah, Saleh Bin Abdullah Bin Hadyan, and Ibrahim al-Dhafiri in the late stages of the history of the Second Saudi State and the beginning of the reign of King Abdulaziz.

Also famous for carrying the flag during the reign of King Abdulaziz were Abdul Latif Bin Hussein al-Ma'shouq, Mansour Bin Abdul Latif al-Ma'shouq, Abdulrahman Bin al-Mutrif, then his son Mansour, and then his grandson Mutrif. The flag has remained in the hands of this family from Al Mutrif family to the present time.

Regarding the sewing of flags during the reign of King Abdulaziz, Abdullah Bin Mohammed bin Shaheen took charge of it. Then the matter was entrusted to Sheikh Saad Bin Saeed and his son Abdulmohsen. After that, the responsibility was transferred to the official competent authorities.

For the digital use of the Saudi National Flag, the RGB digital design color codes must be adhered to. The Shahada makes up 70 percent of the image area displayed on the platform. If the national flag is used alone on full screen, the RGB digital design color codes must still be followed. The borders of the flag must be set to fit within the clear space and not exceeded during design. The width of the screen represents the expansion of the original area of the flag to fill the entire user interface (UI).

When using the Saudi National Flag alongside the flag of another country, the RGB digital design color codes must be adhered to. The distance between the two flags, both horizontally and vertically, which represents the length and height of the Shahada in the National Flag, must be taken into account to ensure the clarity of the flag’s details. If the flag is used with logos, the RGB digital design color codes must be followed, and the borders of the flag must be set within the clear space and not exceeded during design.

The Saudi Ardah is connected to the Saudi National Flag, reflecting an ancient and rich cultural and historical heritage. During this spirited folk dance, the Ardah Bairaq takes center stage. This iconic cultural legacy of the Kingdom symbolizes the victory dances following battles and wars. The Ardah Bairaq is notable for certain unique features, and those who bear it take great pride in this honor, a status handed down through generations. The Ardah Bairaq, the flag used in the Saudi Ardah performance, holds a special place in the hearts of the Kingdom's kings.

The flag in the Saudi Ardah. (SPA)

The Saudi Ardah Bairaq is distinguished by several characteristics in its design and use during the Ardah performance, including

The average length of the Bairaq is three m.

The Bairaq color is green, and the Shahada and sword are embroidered with golden threads.

A golden dome-shaped finial topped by a three-pointed spearhead adorns the top of the Bairaq pole.

Several chains dangle from the finial.

The Bairaq pole is not more than four m long to make it easier to hold while performing the Ardah.

The Bairaq holder wears a belt to stabilize the base of the Bairaq while performing the Ardah.

The Bairaq bearer stands in line with the Ardah performers, holding the mast with his left hand and placing the flag on his right shoulder.

The Law details raising the Saudi National Flag with the flags of foreign countries. Its Article Four stipulates that when the national flag is raised in the Kingdom with foreign flags or other banners, it shall have a place of honor as follows:

(a) If there is only one flag or banner next to the Saudi flag, the national flag shall be raised to the right of the building, that is to the left of the person standing in front of it.

(b) If there is more than one foreign flag or banner next to the national flag, the national flag is raised in the middle of a group of flags or banners if their number is odd, and in the middle towards the right if their number is even.

The law specifies how to use the Saudi National Flag. The methods of using the flag, the regions and places in which it is raised, and the cases of its hoisting are subject to the following instructions:

The Minister of Interior issues instructions on the use of the Saudi flag in associated departments and sectors, such as public security and the coastal guard, what must be done to show respect for the flag, and the duties of the flag-bearer.

The Minister of Defense and Aviation issues instructions regarding the use of the Saudi flag for military units that have a flag, the respect that must be shown, and the duties of the flag-bearer

The Minister of Transport issues instructions on the use of the Saudi flag on commercial navigation ships, ports, and inland waters, and on land transport means, such as trains and airplanes.

When raising the Saudi flag and the flags of other countries, the Saudi flag should be raised in all official departments of the country and the like on Fridays, religious holidays, and all official occasions.

Prohibitions on raising the Saudi National Flag continuously, except as stipulated in this law, include using it as a trademark or for advertising purposes. The bodies of political and consular representation, military forces, and foreign ships in the Kingdom and its waters may raise the flags of foreign countries on their holidays, official occasions, and national holidays of foreign countries and during foreign visits by the head of a foreign state or a member of its government.

As per the law, it is prohibited to raise the foreign flag in any way, unless it is accompanied by the Saudi flag, which must be positioned in a place of honor, such that it is equal in value to the foreign flag. It is prohibited to use the foreign flag on public roads and in processions except with special permission issued in advance by the Minister of Interior. It is also not permissible to raise the foreign flag on a car traveling on a public road

In order to take proper care of the Saudi National Flag, the law stipulates that the national flag, the flag of His Majesty the King, and all other Saudi flags bear the Shahada (There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah) or any Quranic verse may not be flown at half-mast. The flag may never touch the surfaces of land and water. It is prohibited to use it as a trademark, for commercial advertising purposes, or for any purpose other than those stipulated in the law.

According to the law, it is prohibited to raise a national flag that is faded in color or in poor condition. When a flag becomes old or torn or is in such a bad condition that it is no longer usable, the entity using it is responsible for destroying it.

Military members must salute the national flag and the royal flag when they pass by, or when these flags are seen in military parades or displays, as well as when they are being put up or taken down from their masts.

The law specifies a number of penalties in the event of violating the rules for using the Saudi National Flag or any other flag, as follows:

Anyone who carries, displays, distributes, or offers for sale the Saudi flag or any political signs that are likely to disturb public security shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of one and a half months, or a fine of SAR50.

Anyone who intentionally drops, ruins, or insults the Saudi flag in any way shall be punished with imprisonment for a period of three months or a fine of SAR100.

Whoever carries out the violations stipulated in the law in relation to a flag of the Arab League, shall be punished according to the particular violations of these two Articles.

Whoever drops or insults in any way the flag of any friendly foreign country inside the Kingdom shall be punished with imprisonment for a period of fifteen days or a fine of SAR25.

Whoever raises the Saudi flag or the flag of a foreign country in a manner that intentionally violates the provisions of the law shall be punished with imprisonment for a period of five days or a fine of SAR10.

Every violation of this law occurs through the raising of the Saudi or foreign flag. Public security personnel may immediately lower the flag or flags, seize them and prevent the aforementioned violation from occurring or continuing.

The rules followed in international law regarding flags shall be taken into consideration, except for what is stipulated in the law.

To enhance the value and symbolism of the Saudi National Flag and its role in affirming loyalty and belonging to the homeland and its leadership, the government of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, and His Crown Prince, His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz18, may Allah protect them, recognizes the flag's great importance as a manifestation of the Saudi state, its strength and sovereignty, and as a symbol of cohesion, coalition, and national unity. In 2023, a royal order was issued, designating March 11 of each year as a special day for the flag, under the name 19Flag Day19, because March 11, 1937, was the day King Abdulaziz approved the flag in the form we see today.

The Saudi National Flag Day holds great significance in the conscience of the Saudi people, as it represents an extension of a history filled with continuous effort and great heroism to unify the country and achieve its advancement and prosperity. This value extends throughout the history of the Saudi state since its founding in 1727. It symbolizes the testimony of Shahada, which lies at its center and conveys a message of peace and Islam, on which this blessed state was founded. The sword symbolizes strength, nobility, wisdom, and status. Over the course of nearly three centuries, this flag has witnessed the campaigns to unify the country waged by the Saudi state. The citizens of this country, both male and female, regard it as a banner of pride that is never lowered to half-mast, reflecting their belief in the paramount importance of the flag as a manifestation of the state, its strength and sovereignty, and as a symbol of cohesion, alliance, and national unity.

In the context of affirming the great value of the Saudi National Flag and introducing its connotations and importance in linking the people of the Kingdom to their history and heritage, introductory booklets and digital applications have been issued. These contribute to deepening knowledge of the Saudi flag and its history using modern methods, thereby fostering a sense of belonging to Saudi civilization and history.

In 2023, the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives (Darah) launched the 'Saudi Flag' application, an electronic product designed to serve the history, geography, literature, and intellectual and urban heritage of the Kingdom. This launch coincided with Flag Day, which is celebrated annually on March 11.

The application, operating in Arabic and English, is one of the products of the "I Belong" project implemented by Darah. It adopts an awareness and introductory approach and includes a number of features, such as the national anthem, flag laws, the history of the flag, and historical achievements, presented in an engaging manner aimed at educating young people, non-specialists, students, and those interested in Saudi history, culture, and heritage of the flag. As a digital platform, the application also serves as a comprehensive reference on the history of the Saudi flag, its symbolism, and its meanings, working to increase awareness of the stages of the flag's development.

After the issuance of the royal order designating March 11 of each year as a special day for the flag, the Ministry of Culture issued in 2023 the guideline for the use of the flag, celebrating the value of the national flag throughout the history of the Saudi state since its founding.

The guideline provides a comprehensive definition of the flag's contents and the ministry has made it available to the public through the electronic link: https://saudiflag.sa/ar. It consists of several chapters, including the history of the Saudi flag, the flag of the Kingdom, the flag protocol, its applications, the Saudi Ardah Bairaq, and other Saudi flags, as well as the digital use of the flag. It also includes instructions for the use of flags on masts within the Kingdom, in its embassies worldwide, and in official forums. These instructions must be adhered to, taking into account the relevant laws and regulations. The guideline also reviews the shape of the Saudi Ardah Bairaq, how to place the national flag among other flags, and the method for digital use of the flag on displays and panels, including its areas, format, and measurements.